Swappie

Refurbishment and resale of smartphones is a core circular economy activity (explicitly described by the company and third-party sources). [Source: Swappie About; EIB; Wikipedia]

Swappie directly executes refurbishment and resale operations rather than only providing software tools - it performs the circular activity itself. [Source: Swappie About; product pages]

Swappie is a single organisation selling refurbished physical products (smartphones). It buys from consumers (C2B) and sells to consumers (B2C). Classification: CircularRetailer with valueObjects = Products. [Source: Swappie About; product pages]

Primary strategies: Refurbish (R5) and Reuse (R3) - Swappie refurbishes devices and returns them to use. Secondary: Reduce (R2) - refurbishing reduces need for new devices and critical raw materials (evidence in EIB story). [Source: Swappie About; EIB]

Swappie's business model is buying used devices, refurbishing them and reselling refurbished products; this aligns with Refurbishment & Remanufacturing and Resale/Second-hand models. [Source: Swappie About; Swappie product pages]

Swappie is a commercial, for-profit company (company website, press coverage, EIB financing). [Source: Swappie About; EIB]

Swappie buys, refurbishes and resells iPhones and other devices - clearly operating in the Electronics & IT Hardware sector. [Source: Swappie About page; Wikipedia]

Swappie operates across multiple European countries (reported as 13 countries in EIB and company materials) - 'International' matches the definition. [Source: EIB; Swappie About]

Swappie refurbishes and resells devices but does not provide dedicated enabling hardware (e.g. IoT sensors) as part of its circular offering; classification refers to hardware that enables circularity, not the products being circulated.